Me Poetry Analysis free essay sample

The persona in this sonnet is an African American individual. This is delineated in the initial two stanzas of the sonnet where the speaker says that the person in question, being an illustration for the African American race, is the Negro Problem. The peruser realizes that he is alluding to himself since he talks in first individual. Supper Guest: Me by Langston Hughes has a wide range of tones. One of the tones of the persona is outrage. This is appeared in the initial two refrains of the sonnet, â€Å"I realize I am the Negro Problem,† and in the last two sections, â€Å"Solutions to the Problem, obviously, pause. † The speaker recognizes the way that himself alongside the African American race are the Negro Problem that is available among the discussion of the white individuals during supper. The resentment gets from the way that the speaker has become the Negro Problem on account of his prosperity being an African American and the accomplishment of his African American siblings and sisters. We will compose a custom paper test on Me Poetry Analysis or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the last sections the speaker shows the uneasiness towards the answer for this issue and realizes just that in time, the difficult will ideally be explained. Another tone of the persona is not kidding. The general topic, being the requesting of opportunity, radiates a genuine tone on the grounds that the subject of bigotry and isolation in itself is a genuine points and was a difficult that must be looked by the African Americans during the 1960’s when the sonnet was composed. This topic has been and presently is being paid attention to. The persona additionally depicts a cryptic tone. This is found in refrains four through nine of the sonnet, â€Å"Answering the typical inquiries that ring a bell which looks for shyly to test in well mannered manner the why and fortitude of murkiness U. S. A. † In this statement the peruser sees that in a mysterious way, the white individuals are attempting to sound amenable and kind while scrutinizing the dark race and their prosperity when as a general rule they are doing it because of presumption and unacceptance. Haziness U. S. A represents the corruptness of the white people’s contemplations and discussion. Single rhyme and end rhyme: â€Å"Being wined and dined†¦ that comes to white mind† â€Å"To test in well mannered way†¦ of dimness U. S. A† â€Å"In current vote based night†¦ ‘I’m so embarrassed about being white. ’† â€Å"The wine divine†¦ At the damask table, mine† â€Å"Park Avenue at eight†¦ obviously, pause. † Internal Rhyme: â€Å"Being wined and dined† â€Å"The wine divine† Alliteration: â€Å"The why and wherewithal† Assonance: â€Å"To test in pleasant way† â€Å"Wondering how things got his way† â€Å"At the damask table, mine† â€Å"Park road at eight† â€Å"Solutions to the problem† End rhyme in the initial three refrains causes to notice the more profound importance on the sonnet. The speaker can be similitude for the African American populace that remaining parts the Negro Problem in America. For a littler scope, the Negro Problem is the subject of discussion at the table loaded with white individuals. The utilization of end rhyme in this sonnet likewise catches the reader’s consideration as it is engaging the ear hence making the peruser need to peruse on. Over the span of the sonnet, the utilization of rhyming is utilized uniquely in specific spots and not toward the finish of each stanza. The absence of rhyming underscores the earnestness of the sonnet. A lot of rhyming plans depict an all the more light and upbeat tone, though a restricted sum depicts a genuine tone, which is appropriate for this kind of sonnet.

Semiotic is a discipline, which can provide a unified framework for Essay

Semiotic is a control, which can give a brought together structure to directing the various exercises inside data syste - Essay Example These components will give the premise of the conversation on how the brought together structures alongside different abilities will assist associations with understanding the difficulties involved in planning, constructing and keeping up data frameworks. The Quest for Meaning Henry Stubbes was credited to have initially authored the expression semeiotics when he recognized it as a part of clinical science that decipher signs (Bhaduri, 2008, pp.246). John Locke additionally alluded to the terms semeiotike and semeiotics when he clarified his idea about the parts of science. He expressed: All that can fall inside the compass of human comprehension, being either, first, the nature of things, as they are in themselves, their relations, and their way of activity: or, besides, that which man himself should do, as an objective and willful specialist, for the achievement of any end, particularly bliss: or, thirdly, the available resources whereby the information on both the one and the othe r of these is accomplished and imparted; I figure science might be separated appropriately into these three sorts (Locke, 1823, pp.174). It was Locke’s third branch, where he referenced semiotics as one of those piece of accurate information. Crafted by Charles Pierce and later on Ferdinand de Saussure, be that as it may, built up the cutting edge thought of the control. Penetrate alluded to the idea of semiotic as a semi vital or formal tenet of signs. His situation on signs depends on his three orders of its measurements: symbols, files and images (Rahmann, 2001, pp.4). Saussure added to the semiotic idea through his talk of his variant of semiotics, which he called as semiology. In 1915, he pronounced that: A science that reviews the life of signs inside society is possible; it would be a piece of social brain research and thusly of general brain research; I will call it Semiology. Semiology would give what establishes indications, what laws oversee them†¦ Linguistics is just a piece of the general study of semiology; the laws found by semiology will be appropriate to semantics (refered to in Rahmann, pp.3) Today, followers of semiotics consider, decipher, order and break down signs as per the way of transmission. The code is a critical variable in this procedure since it is the methods by which significance is comprehended. Another word, for instance could undoubtedly be begat. Saussure did this with his â€Å"semiology† term. The demonstration alone didn't guarantee that significance is transmitted. To start with, the word must be perceived by the general public. At that point, it must be transmitted by the syntactic structures and codes of such society. This is the general structure that supports semiotics. In the current language, semiology is semiotics. Let us think about the instance of a sonnet. It is a case of a semiotic framework since it is comprised of signs as substance or musicality, wherein each establish a term and an idea similar to the vibe that one will involvement in the style of the interesting expression. One can likewise refer to the instance of a melody. State, in Kenny Loggins’ tune Footloose: the verses is the message, the score turns into a book and the gadget where these are conveyed could be an advanced music player. These models show how semiotic frameworks are viewed as the association of examples that encapsulate signs, which â€

Essay about Mens Health

Essay about Men's Health Mens Health Dec 20, 2018 in Healthcare Widespread Issues in Men's Health Each community relies heavily on the contribution of men to achieve its development agenda. There are, however, various issues that may hinder their full participation in the development endeavors. In the city of Miami, there are various issues facing men (Kirby, 2009). The document Healthy People 2020 outlines several men related issues. The first topic is HIV. Centers for Disease Control and Infection (CDC) indicated that Miami had the highest rate of HIV infection among men. The disease is widespread among bisexual and gay men. The strategies used by the government to contain the spread HIV among these people have not been felt and, therefore, there is a need to seek for alternative mechanisms of dealing with this worrying trend (Kirby, 2009).

My Father A Hero Is A Hero - 1002 Words

Heroes; something we all aspire to be, but easily recognize in others. Wait, how do we define what makes a hero, a hero? A hero is one who is kind, courageous, smart, determined and selfless. They often do what is better for the greater good and not themselves. This is seen in both Greek and Modern heroes, whether it is cutting off Medusa’s head or defeating the Riddler, they show these qualities in one way or another. We also see these qualities in parents, true everyday heroes. While they may not have super strength or the ability to fly, parents are the ultimate heroes in our lives, for they love for us without judgement and will always be there when we need them most. My father, William Romero, is a hero since it takes a true hero to†¦show more content†¦Someone who does not care about their family would never put themselves through this, but my dad does, and that is what makes him my hero. In addition to the heroic quality of being caring, he is also remarkably d etermined. Determined, something I have always known my father to be. Often times, when my dad sets his sights on a goal, there is nothing stopping him from reaching it. One of my best memories of this was that for an entirety of two years he called into every radio contest that was raffling off Disneyland tickets, just so I may see Disneyland once in my life. With how dedicated my father was, he eventually won tickets and we went to Disneyland. While this may seem trifling, it was a huge deal in our family, as we were often too poor to even attempt to buy tickets, but through my dad being the insistent person he is, he called in every day until he won tickets. Someone with bona fide determination would keep doing this every day for two years, even if the probability of not winning was high. Christmas time is another example of my father and his determined mindset. To be more specific, he is always insistent on our family having the best Christmas ever. This ranges from stringing li ghts on the house with me in bone chilling, 30 degree weather, picking out a beautiful, fragrant tree and getting gifts for our Romero 3 family. In reality, this is all a lot of work that only an undaunted person can carry out year after year, evenShow MoreRelatedMy Father Is My Hero1061 Words   |  5 PagesMy dad is my hero. It was only last week when I was prompted to recall this. When I tore my meniscus five months ago, I underwent surgery in order to remove the damaged tissue. Recovery was going well, but unbeknownst to me, if you do not keep up with your physical therapy exercises, then you will regress in your abilities. I had been running just the week before, but within a week I learned this brutal lesson because I could no longer walk. It was a setback in my running due to overuse and a regrettableRead MoreBeowulf : The Heros Of My Father1137 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å" A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself.† (brainyquote) Some people believe that heroes are fictional characters that only exist in a non existent world, I believe that the real heroes are the ones in our everyday lives. They are the ones who love you, care for you, and protect you with all of their strength. In my life my dad is my hero, even though I didn’t know him very l ong.(Edwards) He passed away when I was eight months old, yet he’s still my biggestRead MoreMy Father Is My Real Hero859 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The father-children relationship is considered one of the sacred and vital relationships in the family lives. In fact, the role played by the fathers in our daily lives is quite significant. Indeed, an excellent father teaches the children to face the challenges of daily lives successfully and tries wholeheartedly to meet the requirements of the family in a excellent way. I consider my father as my real hero since he is a special person in my life. In fact, he is quite affectionate,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Lightning Thief743 Words   |  3 PagesPercy Jackson, the hero, and his friends Annabeth and Grover, must undertake a quest to reclaim Zeus’s master bolt from Hades. â€Å"The Hero’s Journey† is a pattern of stages that many heroes experience. Throughout Percy’s quest, the archetype of â€Å"The Hero’s Journey† is followed. A few stages of â€Å"The Hero’s Journey† that Percy undergoes are The Ordinary World, The Supreme Ordeal, and Confronting the Father. In the very first stage of â€Å"The Hero’s Journey†, The Ordinary World, the hero lives in an uneventfulRead MoreIn the Play Much Ado About Nothing, How Does Shakespeare Present the Relationships Between Men and Women?1356 Words   |  6 PagesIn Much Ado About Nothing the main story line is about Hero and Claudio falling in love and the sub plot is Beatrice and Benedick’s merry war of the sexes. The conflict in the play is that Don John creates an appearance that Hero has been unfaithful to Claudio. The main theme of the play is love and comedy. Love is a theme in this play because two couples falling in love. Comedy is also a theme in this play because of Beatrice and Benedick’s verbal exchanges moreover the comedy act with DogberryRead MoreMy Ultimate Hero Essay My Hero1469 Words   |  6 PagesIrma Zamora 08/09/2017 Ramshaw My Ultimate Hero As a whole, anyone can relate to a story that inspires us to acquire a role a hero with our own capabilities. An immigrant’s hero’s journey highlights the human experiences of fear, courage, vulnerability, daring and inspiration. Despite of the nationality, we look up to hero because they fear the unknown and answer there call to adventure and leave their familiarized culture. Then go through trails that seem impossible, obstacles, and even feel likeRead MoreWomen and the Patriarchal Society in Much Ado About Nothing1413 Words   |  6 Pageswill have a recheat winded in my forehead’ and ‘pluck off the bull’s horn and set them on forehead’. The idea of cuckold focuses on woman’s disloyalty that brings out the mentality of men that women are wicked as ‘beauty is a witch’ and women do not deserve as much as men do. With their stereotyped image, the male superiority is confirmed by men. On the other hand, the readiness of wo men shows that they conform to the male domination and willing to submit to men. Hero as the quiet victim in the playRead MoreThe Hero in My Life940 Words   |  4 Pagessomeone a hero? Is it their ability to put others first? Is it their bravery? I believe a hero to me is someone who goes above and beyond or isn’t satisfied with being average. A hero is someone who puts their own life at risk in order to save someone else. A hero is also someone who knows what matters in life and doesn’t let that slip through their fingers. A hero is someone who is determined to do the right thing and make sure others are doing the right thing. The hero in my life is my dad. He’sRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1599 Words   |  7 PagesRachel Conley Mr. David Rasnake English 1020 November 10, 2015 Paper 3~ Tragic Hero What is tragedy? What makes someone or something a tragic hero? A tragedy is â€Å"A serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior face and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion elicits the pity or terror† (Merriam-Webster). Tragedy can be a good or a bad thing in life. Also, depending on what the tragedy is, it should have a powerful impact on our lives. A tragedy can changeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet s Revenge1725 Words   |  7 PagesBut know, thou noble youth, Hamlet: â€Å"Oh My Prophetic Soul! My uncle?† The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his crown.† The beginning of the â€Å"call to adventure -J Campbell†, Hamlet is encountered with the vengeful act of murdering his uncle who killed his father. This is the first time that Hamlet is confronted with the controversial decision of the importance of self worth or the vengeful act for his deceased father. This shows the heightened passion and drive that

Restaurant Business Summary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1286 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction Restaurant business  is by far one of the most favorable and most popular competition in business sector and the newly opened restaurant also more and more in recent. Their location should be strategic and service quality need to be improve in order to attract customers as well. There are five major dimensions to measure service quality such as reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangible. Most of them use Medical nurse and automotive repair services method to measure the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction which is developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry. Customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ satisfaction can affect an organization career development, for example, if most of the customers are not satisfied with the restaurant about their customer service, types of food, hygienic conditions and so on, these all will affect their organization operation. We have a principle says that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“customers is a kingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , so employees need to take some proper or needed actions to make the customers satisfied because customers is the leading role for all business organization and the results can be different which is due to different characteristics of customers such as age, income and knowledge. Besides that, some research find out that customer satisfaction can directly affect their loyalty whereas some research testify that satisfaction does not affect loyalty as several customers will switch to another products which offer better things when they need similar products in their life . Summary Measure of Superiority (MSS) is the difference between service quality performance and customer expectation. The score can be either positive or negative depends on satisfaction level of expectation by customer. The table illustrates the expectation and performance on each quality of services dimensions which provides customers satisfaction. The result show that customer satisfa ction has been achieved when the sum of performance score 19.1 is bigger than expectation score 18.99, MMS score is positive. The gap score of responsiveness 0.03, assurance 0.05, empathy 0.15, and tangible 0.07 is positive, that means performance score is greater than expectation score while reliability represent a negative gap score (-0.19), this dimension causes customer dissatisfaction. Measure of Service Adequacy (MSA) score is acquired by subtracting minimum expectation from customers from service performance in restaurant business and if the performance is greater than customer expectation then the score will become positive. With the MSA being positive and the minimum expectation score met, this five dimensions of service quality had reflects that customers satisfaction has been fulfilled. Besides that, we found that all of the attributes of each dimensions are greater than the minimum expectation from customers especially is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“promptness of the employees se rve their customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Diah Yulisetiarini, 2014, P6)in reliability acquired highest score while à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“easiness in purchase transaction processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ customers feel easy to communicate with employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  attributes gets 0.33 the lowest marks compared to other attributes. Measure of Service Adequacy (MSA) score is acquired by subtracting minimum expectation from customers from service performance in restaurant business and the score will become positive when the performance is greater than customer expectation. This five dimensions of service quality had reflects that customers satisfaction has been fulfilled because all has met the minimum expectation score and MSA is positive. We found that all of the attributes of each dimensions are greater than the minimum expectation from customers especially is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“promptness of the employees serve their customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in reliability acquired highest score while à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“easiness in purchase transaction processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ customers feel easy to communicate with employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  attributes gets 0.33 the lowest marks compared to other attributes. With comparing the anticipated performance and observed performance, the area of accepted service is demonstrated by Zone of Tolerance. The maximum expectation subtracts minimum expectation of the customers is to get the score of Zone of Tolerance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Promptness of the employees to serve the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attribute is the greatest zone whereas assurance dimension which related to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“customers feel safe when they are in the restaurantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  attributes is the thinnest zone of tolerance. Cartesius diagram use to measure the restaurant performance and the customer expectations. This diagram consists of four quadrants A, B, C, and D which is separated by X-axis and Y-axis. The mean score of the overall attributes of restaurant performance represented by X-axis whereas the mean score of the overall attributes of customer expectation represented by Y-axis. Moreover, the mean scores are calculated from the list of satisfaction attributes for X-axis and Y-axis is 3.80 and 3.82. Quadrant A is located above the mean score of X-axis and before the mean score of Y-axis. Quadrant A is a quadrant that dissatisfaction among customers, due to the restaurant management has less attention on customers. In this cause, the service performance of the restaurant should be improved. Next is quadrant B, it located above the mean score of X-axis and after the mean score of Y-axis. In this quadrant, the performance of the restaurant management is good. The restaurant has conducted well customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perceive attribute and those attributes have satisfied customers. Furthermore, quadrant C is located below the mean score of X-axis and before the mean score of Y-axis. The rest aurant management service attributes is low priority and less important. So, in this quadrant do not need further attention. Besides that, quadrant D is located below the mean score of X-axis and after the mean score of Y-axis. Even though, the restaurant management has well delivered the service, but the customers do not considered important attributes. The restaurant manager should expand more on other important attributes to improve the performance of the restaurant. Critique There are several critiques we can get from the article. First, a look at the introduction tells us that it is too long. Some points are emphasized too much and repetition occurs here and there. This problem causes unnecessary portion to constitute a large part of the introduction and as a result, the introduction becomes lengthy. Second, some tables did not explain clearly the parts they have. For example, table 7 only stated the mean score of expectation (Y) and the mean score of performance (X) i n the vertical columns without explaining their function in a clear way. Misunderstandings may occur if the readers of the article only scan through the article. Third, the article contains parts that are repetitive. The usages of some words are repeated many times throughout the whole article making it seems to overstress some points. The elaboration for the point also contains sentences that are unnecessary due to it repeating the same thing as the previous sentences. Fourth, the diagram used in the article which is Cartesius Diagram, is very confusing to the readers. The overall data for the whole research is squeezed and put on display in the diagram. The too-large data is too much for a single diagram to explain. In our opinion, the data should be separate into different diagrams to allow better understanding. The whole article does not only consist of negative points. The positive point, which is the fifth point, will be about the part called abstract. The abstract of this article is very good as it is simple and clear, not to mention that it is straight to the point making it easier for the readers to understand the general view of the article. Last but not least, the whole article of this research serves as a very good extension of knowledge in conducting business in the future. Applying the formulas and knowledge gained from this article will be very useful in trying to set up a successful business. Conclusion As a conclusion, restaurant businesses try to put more effort in order to maximum customer satisfaction to attract more customers and increase their business in their restaurant. There are some weakness shows in the critique part. By this way, they can observe and try to do it best for their restaurant. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Restaurant Business Summary" essay for you Create order

Mcdonalds in India †Case Study Free Essays

WALMART Group GMITE – Batch 6 Abhishek Agrawal Ajit Varghese Brijesh Chauhan Karthikeyan Palani Manendra Jain Nalukurthy Rajeshbabu Satish kumar Dosapati Sushma GN McDonald’s India A Locally Owned Company: McDonald’s is the world’s leading global foodservice retailer with more than 33,000 locations serving approximately 64 million customers in 118 countries each day. More than 80% of McDonald’s restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local men and women. In India, McDonald’s is managed by two Indian entrepreneurs. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds in India – Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Amit Jatia, Vice Chairman, Hardcastle Restaurants Pvt. Ltd. owns and spearheads McDonald’s operations in West South India. Hardcastle Restaurants was appointed Development Licensee for McDonald’s in India in 2010, a progression from Joint Venture partner. Vikram Bakshi, MD and Joint Venture Partner, Connaught Plaza Restaurants Private Limited, owns and operates McDonald’s in North and East India. Celebrating over 15 years of leadership in food service retailing in India, McDonald’s now has a network of over 235 restaurants across the country. Local Sourcing Is Key for Truly Indian Products: McDonald’s India is committed to sourcing almost all of its products from within the country. Prior to its launch, the company invested six years to develop its unique cold chain, which has brought about a veritable revolution in food handling, immensely benefiting the farmers at one end and enabling customers to get the highest quality food products, absolutely fresh and at a great value. McDonald’s India today has developed local Indian businesses, which can supply the highest quality products required for its Indian operations. Respect for Indian Customs and Culture: McDonald’s worldwide is well known for the high degree of respect to the local culture of each market it operates in. In line with this respect for local culture, India is the first country in the world where McDonald’s does not offer any beef or pork items. McDonald’s has developed a menu especially for India with vegetarian selections to suit the Indian palate and has also re-engineered its operations to address the special requirements of vegetarians. Special care is taken to ensure that all vegetable products are prepared separately, using dedicated equipment and utensils. This separation of vegetarian and non-vegetarian food products is maintained throughout the various stages of procurement, cooking and serving. So much so that the mayonnaise and soft serves are also 100% vegetarian and McDonald’s uses only vegetable oil as a cooking medium in India. An Employer of Opportunity: McDonald’s India is an employer of opportunity, providing quality employment and long-term careers to professionals across the country. The average McDonald’s restaurant employs 60-80 people from crew to restaurant manager. McDonald’s invests in its employees, leveraging world class-training inputs to create ambassadors of the brand and creating food service professionals with global attitudes. The brand currently has over 8000 employees in India. Quality, Service, Cleanliness Value McDonald’s is driven by the philosophy of Quality, Service, and Cleanliness Value for Money. This translates into a commitment to provide customers high quality products, served quickly with a smile, in a clean and pleasant environment at an affordable price. This effectively means that the McDonald’s menu is priced at a value that the largest segment of the Indian consumers can afford while at the same time ensuring that quality is not sacrificed for value – rather McDonald’s leverages economies to minimise costs while maximizing value to customers. Major issues ? NUTRITION Type of high fat, low fiber diet promoted by McDonald’s is linked to serious diseases such as heart disease, obesity and diabetes. The sort of diseases that are now responsible for nearly three-quarters of premature deaths in the western world. McDonald’s respond that the scientific evidence is not conclusive and that their food can be a valuable part of a balanced diet. Some people say McDonald’s are entitled to sell junk food in exactly the same way that chocolate or cream cake manufacturers do: if people want to buy it that’s their decision. But should McDonald’s be allowed to advertise their products as nutritious? Why do they sponsor sports events when they sell unhealthy products? And what on earth are they doing opening restaurants in hospitals? ? Ecological Sustainability Vegetarians and animal welfare campaigners aren’t too keen on McDonald’s – for obvious reasons. As the world’s largest user of beef they are responsible for the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of cows per year. In Europe alone they use half a million chickens every week, all from windowless factory farms. Is it acceptable for the food industry to exploit animals at all? Again, McDonald’s argue that they stick to the letter of the law and if there are any problems it is a matter for government. They also claim to be concerned with animal welfare. ? Deep Market Penetration In order to grow McDonald’s needs to expand to other cities and towns in India rather than concentrating in Delhi. Mumbai few other cities, For expansion to succeed, McDonald’s can no longer depends on its processing distributions centers in and around Delhi Mumbai, Given India’s poor transportation and road facilities, the logistic bottleneck of transporting food item from one place to other will add to the cost of its products, it needs to build new processing distribution centers in other cities for operational efficiency, this would require additional investment and cost can not be easily passed on to the consumers. Price increase is the last thing that McDonald’s can afford if it wants to succeed in India, Already for most of the people McDonald’s is associated with high proices. ? Adaptability of portfolio towards local needs Given India’s fragmented regional culture where no single food preference predominates, McDonald’s need to develop new product on regular basis. Developing new products adds complexity cost and raises the risks of errors. It also runs counter to McDonald’s culture and history. Yet if McDonald’s does not do it on regular basis, Company’s popularity will be short lived. It will be difficult for company to meet the range of different competitors, most notably the homegrown food chains which offers a variety of products at reasonable prices. ? CULTURAL SENSITIVITY( I feel this is a major issue) India is country with varying cultural diversity. The diversity reflects in eating habits with majority of population is vegetarian still a section of people with non-vegetarian food preference. India is land of spices. Indians like spicy food and prefer satellite joints as roadside food stalls. Usually home cooked food is preferred and dining out option is primarily reserved for special occasions. The food habits are also driven by the religious sentiments. In May 2001, a class action lawsuit1 was filed against the world’s largest fast-food chain McDonald’s, in Seattle, US. The lawsuit alleged that the company had, for over a decade, duped vegetarian customers into eating French fries2 that contained beef extracts. Minor issues ? ADVERTISING McDonald’s spend over two billion dollars each year on advertising: Using collectable toys, television adverts, promotional schemes in schools and figures such as Ronald McDonald the company bombards their main target group: children. Many parents object strongly to the influence this has over their own children. McDonald’s argue that their advertising is no worse than anyone else’s and that they adhere to all the advertising codes in each country. But others argue it still amounts to cynical exploitation of children – some consumer organizations are calling for a ban on advertising to children. Why do McDonald’s sponsor so many school events and learning programs? Is their Children’s Charities genuine philanthropy or is there a more explicit publicity and profit motive? ? ENVIRONMENT One of the well-known and sensitive question about McDonald’s is: are they responsible for the destruction of tropical forests to make way for cattle ranching? McDonald’s say no. Many people say yes. So McDonald’s sue them. Not so many people say yes anymore, but does this mean McDonald’s aren’t responsible? They annually produce over a million tons of packaging, used for just a few minutes before being discarded. What environmental effect does the production and disposal of all this have? Is their record on recycling and recycled products as green as they make out? Are they responsible for litter on the streets, or is that the fault of the customer who drops it? Can any multinational company operating on McDonald’s scale not contribute to global warming, ozone destruction, depletion of mineral resources and the destruction of natural habitats? Recommendation for Growth New Business Channels – Home Delivery, breakfast, extended hours and Drive-Troughs. As per estimates, home delivery can increase store sales about 15% and drive troughs by 50%. Attract College Crowd (Youth) – Similar to KFC â€Å"StreetWise† menu, which offers products to college students at affordable price. Employees and Customers – In India, McDonald’s employ 5,000 people and serves half a million customers a day via its 169 family restaurants. McDonald’s has 85,000 employees and serves 2. 5 million customers a day in the UK. Local Vegetarian Menu: In India, McDonald’s does not offer pork or beef-based products. Its menu is more than 50 per cent vegetarian. The fast food retail chain has separate production lines and processes for its vegetarian and non-vegetarian offerings. McDelivery Online – In India, McDonald’s first launched home delivery of meals in Mumbai in 2004. McDonald’s now has plans to launch web-based delivery service in India (across 75 McDelivery cities) in 2010, a pilot for which has already been tested by it in Hyderabad. The company hopes to add 5 per cent to sales via Web delivery. McDonald’s web-based delivery model will be based on serving the customer quickly wherein the drive time does not exceed seven minutes because its food has to be eaten within ten minutes of preparation. The footfalls in India are amongst the highest in the world, but the average bill is amongst the lowest. At present (March 2010), Domino’s Pizza (operated by Bhartia Group-promoted Jubilant Foodworks under a master franchise agreement) has a 65% market share in the home delivery segment. MFY (Made for You) food preparation platform – MFY is a unique concept (cooking method) where the food is prepared as the customer places its order. All new upcoming McDonald’s restaurants are based on MFY. This cooking method has helped McDonald’s further strengthen its food safety, hygiene and quality standards. McDonald’s has around 10 MFY restaurants in its portfolio. How to cite Mcdonalds in India – Case Study, Free Case study samples

Voice Guider and Medicine Reminder free essay sample

In this busy and competition world we cannot monitoring our elders (aged people) and patients continuously even though we have so much of love on them . By using advancements in present technologies we are developing this project to save time and user friendly system . The user has to press the respective button to get his service, and then the predefined message will be played through speaker. In general, most of the patients forget to take the appropriate medical course at appropriate times. There may be chances that they remember to take the pills at regular times but forget the pill which has to be taken at that particular time. This is a big problem and it is also difficult to doctors to monitor patients always. And also, mostly in the hospitals, it is not an easy and available service to employ a nurse to a single patient exclusively. To avoid these problems, we have implemented this project which can remind the patient about the intake of medicines at regular time intervals and also sends the information to the doctor about the patient if the temperature or the heartbeat exceeds the normal set point. We will write a custom essay sample on Voice Guider and Medicine Reminder or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This project is designed mainly for patients and old aged people. The project can be seen more clearly in two different modules- medicine intake informer and voice guider. The medicine intake informer consists of RTC (DS1307), buzzer and 16X2 LCD display. The system continuously reads the time from RTC and compares this time with the already time and if these two times match, the system immediately alerts the buzzer for a predefined time and displays the name of the medicine, to be taken by the patient, on the LCD. The voice guider consists of voice playback APR9600, speaker and IR receiver. The user will be provided with an ordinary IR TV remote. If the user is unable to do the things by himself or requires any immediate help, he can press any of the predefined keys in the remote. The IR receiver receives the IR signals from the transmitter and passes this data to the voice playback. The message corresponding to the pressed number will be announced and can be heard through the speaker. If the patient or the old person is unable to ask the things like water, fruits etc directly, he can press the defined button in the remote. Then the controller receives this input from IR receiver and the message related to the number pressed will be heard in the form of voice from the speaker. Thus, the patient can get the required help immediately. 1. 1. Basics of Embedded Systems An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors. The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may require very powerful processors. Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks. Fig-1: Embedded Systems Processors: Processors are the ones which performs some specific task or operation. These are divided in to several types like: 1. Digital Signal Processors. 2. Application Specific Integrated Circuits. 3. Micro Processors. 4. Micro Controllers. Digital Signal Processors: This is a one which performs scientific and mathematical Calculations. The output of this type of processors will be in floating point values. Hence, we can get accurate values as outputs. Best example of a Digital Signal Processors will be Weather Forecasting. Applications specific Integrated Circuits: As the name itself specifies, this is integrated circuit designed for a specific application. IC designed for one specific application cannot be used in other applications. Best Example for ASIC will be Cell phone card. Microprocessors: These are the ones which perform arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic and logical unit performs arithmetical and logical calculations. Control unit controls all the peripheral devices connected to the microprocessors. Memory is a one which is used to store some data or information. Best Example for a microprocessor will be our Personal Computer. MicroControllers: These are the ones which are similar to that of a microprocessor which performs arithmetic and logical calculations. These have additional advantage to that it is having additional inbuilt features like: Fig-3: Block Diagram of Micro Controller 1. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) 2. Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (USART). 3. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). 4. Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). 5. Oscillators. 6. Timers. 7. Many others. The output of a microcontroller is always in integer format only. It cannot provide accurate values or floating point values. Coming to the software point of View, we have many software languages. Out of all, we are using Assembly Level Language to load the program in to the controller. We are using Atmel manufactured microcontrollers. Atmel Company manufactures different series of microcontrollers like AT89C, AT90S, AT Mega, AT CAN. All the electronic components starting from diode only works with a DC supply ranging from 5V to 12V. We are utilizing for the same, the cheapest and commonly available energy source of 230V-50Hz and stepping down, rectifying, filtering and regulating the voltage. Fig-4: Block Diagram of Power Supply 2. 3. 1. Transformer: A bridge rectifier coupled with a step down transformer is used for our design. The voltage rating of transformer used is 0-12V and the current rating is 500mA. When AC voltage of 230V is applied across the primary winding an output AC voltage of 12V is obtained. One alteration of input causes the top of transformer to be positive and the bottom negative. The next alteration will temporarily cause the reverse. Fig-5: Transformer Block Diagram 2. 3. 2. Rectifier: In the power supply unit, rectification is normally achieved using a solid state diode. Diode has the property that will let the electron flow easily at one direction at proper biasing condition. Bridge rectifiers of 4 diodes are used to achieve Bridge wave rectification. Two diodes will conduct during the negative cycle and the other two will conduct during the positive half cycle. Fig-6: Transformer along with Rectifier 2. 3. 3. Filtering unit: Filter circuit which is usually a capacitor acts as a surge arrester always follows the rectifier unit. This capacitor is also called as a decoupling capacitor or a bypass capacitor, is used not only to short the ripple with frequency to ground but also leave the frequency of the DC to appear at the output. 2. 3. 4. Voltage Regulator: The voltage regulator plays an important role in any power supply unit. The primary purpose of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter circuit in providing a constant DC voltage to the device. Power supplies without regulators have an inherent problem of changing DC voltage values due to variations in the load or due Fig-8: Transformer along with Rectifier, Filter and Regulator to fluctuations in the AC line voltage. With a regulator connected to DC output, the voltage can be maintained within a close tolerant region of the desired output. IC 7805 and 7812 regulators are used in this project for providing a DC voltage of +5V and +12V respectively. 2. 4 AT 89S52 MICROCONTROLLER 2. 4. 1. Description The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.

For Score and Seven

For Score and Seven Dondre Robertson Robertson1Professor ReeceEnglish 131-222 December 4, 2013Talking, Texting, and DrivingTalking and texting on the phone while behind a wheels of a motor vehicle is not a good idea. When most people get a call or text while driving they lose complete focus on their driving, which is one of the causes that we have car crushes. Back in the days many people were focus on their safety, but in today's world with all this new technology that's out we're making that our main priority. While driving many don't think they just see their cell phones and make it a habit to use it while driving, but they don't know the danger of talking and texting while driving a motor vehicle.One day I was reading this quote and it said "There's a difference between driving and texting. When you're driving your eyes have to be open and on the road watching the cars around you, road signs, and traffic lights.Along with your mind on the road and destination. Which means you are multitasking. When your texting your eyes are on your cell phone screen and key pad. Along with your mind on what you're going to say next. So how can you do both? Please stop!" by:  ¢Ã‚€Â• Jonathan Anthony Burkett, Neglected But Undefeated: The Life Of A Boy Who Never Knew A Mother's Love. This quote really stuck out to me because it gave me an eye opener that if you texting while driving your eyes are not on the road it's all about what the message say that you received. The causes of texting and driving can result to running off the road, hitting and killing someone, and etc. all because you think texting is more importing.Many people find it...

How to Teach the Future - ESL Education

How to Teach the Future - ESL Education Teaching the future in English is relatively simple in the beginning. Students understand the future with will and learn the form quickly. However, the problems begin when discussing the future with going to. The key issue is that the future with going to is logically a better fit when speaking about the future. The future with going to tells us about our plans, whereas the future with will is mainly used to discuss reactions that occur at the moment of speaking and speculation about the future. Of course, there are other uses, but this main issue leads to a lot of confusion among students. Choosing when to introduce the future with will and going to carefully can make all the difference in comprehension. It is recommended to delay introducing these forms until students are comfortable with some basic tenses. Start by Speaking about Plans and Hopes To help students become familiar with both forms, discuss your future plans as well as your thoughts about the future. This will ensure that you use both the future with will and going to. If you are teaching beginning level students, separating the two forms will help students understand the difference. If your students are intermediate level, mixing the forms can assist in teaching the fluidity between the forms in everyday usage. Beginners I have some predictions for next year. I think that you will all speak better English at the end of this course! Im sure I will have a vacation. However, I dont know where. Ill probably visit my parents in Seattle in the summer, and my wife will ... Intermediate Next year, Im going to take up the guitar. It will probably be very difficult for me, but I love music. My wife and are going to fly to New York in September to visit some friends. While were in New York, the weather will probably be good... In both cases, ask students to explain the function or purpose of the different forms. Help students understand that the future with will is used for making predictions, or what you think will happen. The future with going to, on the other hand, is used to state future intentions and plans. Future with 'Will' for Reactions Introduce the future with will for reactions by demonstrating various scenarios that call for reactions: John is hungry. Oh, Ill make him a sandwichLook its raining outside. OK, Ill take my umbrella.Peter doesnt understand the grammar. Ill help him with the exercise. Explaining Future Forms on the Board Use a future with will for promises and predictions timeline to illustrate the future used for speculating about the future. Contrast this timeline with future  with going to for intentions and a plans timeline to illustrate the difference between the two forms. Write positive sentences of both forms on the board and ask students to change the sentences into both questions and negative forms. Point out that will not becomes wont in most everyday use. Comprehension Activities Comprehension activities focusing on specific functions will help cement the understanding of differences between these two forms. For examples, a reading comprehension on the weather can help students use the future with will. This can be contrasted with a listening comprehension discussing future plans with going to. More extended dialogues and reading comprehensions can be used to mix the forms once students understand the differences between the forms. Quizzes asking to choose between future with will or going to also help to solidify understanding. Challenges with the Future As discussed above, the main challenge is in distinguishing between what is planned (going to) and what is a reaction or speculative (will). Add to that the fact that many native speakers mix the forms themselves, and you have a recipe for trouble. I find it helpful to boil teaching down to two questions: Was a decision made about this statement BEFORE the moment of speaking? - If yes, use going toAre you thinking about future possibilities? - If yes, use willIs this a reaction to what someone has said or done? - If yes, use will Not all uses of these two forms can be answered with these simple questions. However, raising students consciousness of these key points will help them become more accurate in their use of these two future forms.

Driving. Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Driving. Information Technology - Essay Example A mention of programming to a non programmer sends shivers down the spine. However, few drivers do not realize how easy programming can be if only they understood similarities that exist between the two activities. Most drivers would agree that turning a steering wheel, engaging acceleration pedal and so on requires the use of muscles but certainly not much. On the other hand, programming or instructing a computer requires the use of intelligence in selecting proper instructions, anticipating response from the machine etc (Kent, 2006, 76). Just like driving, intelligence needed in programming is certainly not much especially if a person can relate programming to driving. It would not be possible to learn how to drive without involving yourself in the act. A person should understand that a computer only does what it is instructed to do just like a car follows the direction pointed by the driver. The computer system is able to utilize the CPU to perform a set of four basic operations c alled machine cycle on every instruction. First the control unit fetches the instruction from memory. Second, it decodes the instruction into commands that the computer will understand and then execute the command. Finally, the control unit writes the final result into the memory (Keith, 2006, 7). This process can be illustrated by a scenario where a person has to drive to a location he or she has not previously visited but needs to get there out of necessity. The four operations of the machine cycle are replicated in most activities that we do everyday. Driving to a place where a person has never been before is one of these activities and it requires plenty of careful planning. Any aspiring programmer must be able to conceptualize the four basic operations of the machine cycle and this can be done best by comparing the whole idea to a person going to visit a new friend in a location one has not been to before. Through twists and turns of fate, you happen to meet a nice person with whom you would be very glad to sit down and share a cup of coffee as you engage each other in some meaningful discourse. You have a problem that is bothering you and suddenly you happen to bump on someone with the solution. Forget about the nature of the problem and focus on how you get to be acquainted with the person and what follows afterwards. You happen to overhear someone discussing an issue with others that is related to a personal problem that you are going through. You later decide to talk to the person in private and the person is only more than willing to help. Unfortunately, since the person is so busy and is in a hurry, he decides to tell you where you can meet one evening and he forgets to give you phone number and all you can do is to find about his place of residence on your own. The only thing that you got is little clue of where he lives but you have never been to the place before. To drive to the place would require you plan your journey pretty carefully to avoid missing the place. To this end, the plans that you make would be pretty much be similar to the four operations of the machine cycle. The driver must bear in mind that the person told him he is only found at the place of his residence at a certain time in the evening and therefore should avoid as much as possible any delay related issues. The driver who in this case must not disclose any details of his activity due to its

Physical Activity for Older Adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physical Activity for Older Adults - Essay Example Apart from the drawing conclusions, the authors of the article have found little nuggets of information that have been overlooked by other researchers, for one reason or another. They are such nuggets that give distinction to the work and make it not only credible but also innovative. The article bases on the specific ways of improving quality of life for older adults including recommendations on intensity, type, frequency, progression and time of exercise followed by disease-specific guidelines. In addition to all the recommendations and exercise instructions, the article deals with the questions of problem-solving and self-monitoring issues. Moreover, the authors give a multilateral analysis of the question considering social and cultural standards, logistics etc. The business of setting up additional material (diagrams, graphs, statistical tables) is taken really very seriously. Illustrative material is carefully chosen and prepared so as to give information. It enlightens and adequately complements the text. Illustrations, text aside, are self-explanatory on their own visual terms. The basic virtues of the illustrations are clarity and relevance. The writers are making an effort to think graphically, to present information conceived visually, not tied to verbal forms. It is not solely a mathematical concept; it is an excellent visual device that helps not only to decide problems of increasing of exercise continuation rates but it also contributes to general desirable health outcomes. All these intensify the projection of the theme. Besides the material used throw direct light upon the point considered in the text. Thus, it is great for the reader to view with ease text and illustrations together. Older Adults and the Arts. The Importance of Aesthetic Forms of Expression in Later Life by Britt-Maj Wilkstrom is a greatly organized article developing an argument about aesthetic forms of expression that contribute to physical and intellectual activities of older adults. The value of the article consists very largely in semi-structured interviews with 166 Swedish participants age 65 to 89. Moreover, it represents bibliographical acknowledgements on the topic in question that specifically and individually document facts and opinions referred to. Without such kind of thematic acknowledgements, the reader would have to read additional sources to get the point. There would only be not proved and doubtful information. And, thus, the source couldn't be considered as a credible one. But besides using a good quantity of well-grounded bibliographical acknowledgements the author leads the reader into the works of others while reasonably comparing the thoughts and ideas. Older Adults and the Arts. The Importance of Aesthetic Forms of Expression in Later Life is a wonderful synthesis of theoretical background and practical qualitative examination, analysis and discussion. The results of this practical study demonstrate that older aesthetic experiences of older adults could actually represent a potential means contributing to successful aging. The figures, data and evidence of this study represent useful practical information both for nurses and physicians to plan and create aesthetic programs in gerontological practice. The

Importance of Using the ACARS System

Importance of Using the ACARS System Abbreviations ACARS: Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System ADS-B: Automatic dependent surveillance broadcast CMU: Communication Management Unit CDU: Control Display Unit FMS: Flight Management System ATC: Air Traffic Control AOC: Aeronautical Operational Control AAC: Airline Administrative Control NOTAM: Notice to Airmen VHF: Very High Frequency VDL: VHF Data Link MAC: Message Authentication Code AES: Advance Encryption Standard SHA: Secure Hash Algorithm CA: Certificate Authority ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organisation IPsec: Internet Protocol Security In this report the importance of using the ACARS system in the communication between the aircrafts and the ground units such as Air traffic control (ATC), aeronautical operational control (AOC) and airline administrative Control (AAC). (2) Also, the need of securing the communication channel against passive and active attackers will be identified and analysed. The ACARS system is used to transmit data both from aircraft to ground and from ground to aircraft. The data transmitted from the aircraft to the ATC will communicate requests and receipts for clearances and instructions when the aircraft is on the ground, during the phases of take-off and landing and finally during the time the aircraft is in the air. The ACARS is system is also used for communication between the aircrafts and the AOC and AAC ground units. The data transmitted between these three entities is about various aspects of the aircraft, weather information and observations, NOTAMS, flight plan and any diversion from the flight plan, technical performance, possible system failures and any special information regarding the flight and its passengers. ACARS system to transmit data to the ground receivers, the FMC hardware is used on newer aircrafts or the CDU on older ones. The communication is accomplished by using the FMS unit and a small printer in the aircrafts and similar hardware on the ground. The FMS transmits the data to either a satellite or a ground antennas, regarding the altitude of the aircraft. After either the satellite or the antenna will transmit the data through the communication network to the appropriate ground unit using a private network. Due to the reason that these data are crucial and must not be altered or even sometimes monitored by unauthorised users the security of the communication channel and the data should be the top priority of the airlines. To achieve that the data transmitted should always maintain the three major aspects of information security which are: Confidentiality Integrity Availability During the early years of the aviation industry communication channels were only needed between the ATC and the pilots. There were no ways to transmit data regarding the aircrafts avionic systems, engines and integrity, mainly due to the reason that there was not such advanced technology, on both the communication channels and on the aircrafts. The only communication channel available was the VHF channels that in our days is the least trusted protocol. As the aircrafts developed, the boundaries were extended, and led to a rapid increase in air traffic. In order to co-op with this, the aircrafts manufacturers decided to improve the quality and quantity of the systems aboard the aircrafts in order to protect them from mid-air collisions and also help the ATCs to manage the traffic easier. From the moment that the aviation instruments on board the aircraft changed from analogue to digital, a breakthrough was achieved, leading many companies to develop software and hardware that allowed the improvement of the communication and data transmission between the aircrafts and the ground. Along with these improvements, the aircrafts critical systems were able to continuously provide the data recorder information regarding their condition. During this phase the CPDLC was developed in order to minimize the acoustic misunderstandings (6) provided accountability and made the communication easier, more efficient and safer to transmit and receive l ong messages (6). Although in my opinion this system would make the communication between the pilots and the ATC easier and safer, it wasnt widely used because of security threats like message manipulation or injection (6) that were not possible to be detected. Also, a major backdoor to the system in my opinion was that there was no authentication leading to eavesdropping or spoof clearances (6). For the improvement of safety and to be able to improve the accident investigations, the authorities decided that it would be helpful, that these data should be transmitted to the ground and in order to improve the communications between the aircrafts and the ATCs, a new system was developed, which is called ACARS. Along with it new techniques of communication and data transmission were introduced that allowed the aircraft, ATCs and airlines headquarters to communicate with each other by sending short texts. ACARS was introduced during the 80s and as the years passed it became very popular among the airlines. It allowed direct communication between aircrafts and ATCs for requesting and receiving instructions and clearances. The ability of communicating between the aircraft and the AOC and AAC was introduced, that allowed the exchange of information about the weather, possible issues with the aircrafts systems, NOTAMs, passenger information, etc. In the early years of aviation, the computers were not very capable in intercepting or manipulating a message that was transmitted and therefore there was little need for that system to be secure. As the years pass and computers became stronger, together with the knowledge of people, possible unauthorised monitoring of message transmission or even manipulating the messages transmitted between the aircrafts and the ground was a threat to aviation. In order to solve this issues, security mechanisms were placed in order to protect the communication channels and the data transmitted. The security mechanisms placed, are updated regularly in order to maintain the information secure against new threats and attackers. The difficulty of maintaining a secure communication channel is becoming greater, due to the reason that the cost of hardware that allow you to monitor the information transmitted by aircrafts are very cheap and easily accessible. This together with the increasing knowledge of people on how to use them the wrong way and with the intention to cause harm for various reasons, makes the work of the ones trying to protect these systems, very difficult and crucial for the safety of the passengers and aircraft crew lives. As the workload for the pilots in command increased greatly due to the increased traffic, reduction of the crew members in aircrafts and the need to maximize profit without undermining safety and in order to protect the pilots from making mistakes or forget to complete the necessary steps for the safe conduct of a flight, researchers were working on a new way of communication between the aircraft and the ground operations. That software was ACARS and was developed in the 1980s. ACARS is a digital datalink system (3) that allows the pilots, ATC and the airlines headquarters to exchange short messages no matter of the location of the aircraft around the world. In order to achieve that the aircraft is equipped with an avionics computer which is called Communications Management Unit (CMU), a control display unit (CDU) and a printer. The CMU was designed to be able to send and receive digital messages (3) regarding aspects of the flight, instructions and clearances from the ATC, weather forecasts, NOTAMs and information to and from the companys headquarters regarding the aircrafts performance and special needs about the passengers. In order to achieve the level of communication needed, the ACARS system is using different types of communication media. The two media used to communicate between the aircraft and the ground by using satellites when the aircrafts are at higher altitudes and radio antennas at lower altitudes. Before the first implementations of the ACARS system, the communication between the aircrafts and the ground was performed by VHF voice channels. As the technology advanced, new way of communication were developed. During the first periods of implementation of the ACARS system the ARINC organisation, developed a service that a allowed for the VHF communication service to be upgraded by a new service that allowed the use of digital telex formats (3) to the VHF communication channel. During the 90s this led to the standardization of a VHF Digital Link. As the implementation of the ACARS software by airliners became widespread, new services were developed in order to make the communication channels more efficient. SITA company, during this phase had developed a large ground communication network that was connecting places around the world. In order to further enhance the abilities of ACARS, SITA integrated their ground communication network to be able and cooperate with ACARS already existing communication channels between aircraft and ground. In my opinion the ACARS system was designed very cleverly because it was able to cooperate with many types of aircraft communications equipment such as VHF, Inmarsat, sitcom, iridium satellite, VDL and high frequency data link (6). More detailed, SITA managed to merge both VHF and VDL air to ground communication channel together with the ground network it had already developed and to provide an end to end communication channel between aircrafts and ground operations no matter the type of flights. Both short haul and long haul routes were supported. Figure .1 ACARS Setup (9) ACARS security is very important for the safe conduct of flights. Two different types of security were implemented. The first one was called DSP-based architecture and is only capable to protect ACARS messages during transmission from the aircraft to the ground, leaving the ground network unprotected and risking attacks from hackers open. For that reason, there is an end to end security architecture was proposed and developed. In order for the security of the ACARS system to be complete it will have to maintain confidentiality, integrity and availability to the information transmitted at all times, both in the communication channel between the aircraft and the ground and also in the ground network. On the end to end solution proposed in the article The Approach of ACARS Data Encryption and Authentication (5), The proposed security will be using symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, a hybrid system that could solve the problems of using just one of the methods of cryptography, along with digital signatures to provide adequate privacy and integrity (5) to the messages. The issues that came up with the symmetric cryptography were that in order to communicate with each other, a key had to be exchanged between the sender and the recipients of the message. This unique key was designed to be known just by the sender and the recipient of the message in order to protect it from unauthorized users. This proved to be very difficult to maintain secure due to the large number of users that are using ACARS to communicate. On the other hand, asymmetric cryptography was able to solve this problem but it required the use of a large size keys that led to a rather large amount of bandwidth requi red just for the exchange of the keys that kept secure the communication, which was a problem due to the limited amount of bandwidth the ACARS system was designed to require. This hybrid system that was proposed, made use of a key derivation algorithm called Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman which is using an elliptic curve and certain points in order to find the private key. By using the elliptic curve along with the private key, it was able to generate the public key of both the aircraft and the ground station (sender and recipient). By using this technique, the communication channel was secure because it was very difficult for the attacker to find the private key even though the exchange of public key is intercepted (5). For the receiver to be able to decrypt and use the private key a key derivation function is needed which in this case is the MAC. In order to provide encryption to the data transmitted the AES algorithm is used in combination with the SHA 256 algorithm. The number 256 after the SHA acronym means the length of the random binary sequence that is used as the key for the AES (5) algorithm. Due to the reason of the limited bandwidth that ACARS is designed to be using, the message data transmitted and the necessary data transmitted to provide security should be compressed as much as possible. In order to do so every letter, number or symbol will have to be encoded to a 6bit stream during the encryption phase. In order for the recipient to be able to decode it and read the correct message, the MAC of the encrypted data will have to be read and be decrypted to an ACARS readable character. Also, the correct MAC value will have to be calculated in order for the message to be authenticated. During the testing phase of the above end to end security mechanism, eavesdropping was possible to be done but no actual data were able to be read, due to the AES that was used in the encryption of the message, so confidentiality was achieved. Privacy was also achieved because if the message was manipulated, the MAC value would have been changed and the recipient would have detected the change in value. Finally for the digital signature to be correct, the assumptions that the CA was trustworthy had to be made. Wireless Communication Security Due to the reason that the main communication channel between the aircraft and the ground stations will always be wireless, some necessary aspects of security will always have to exist in order to able to say that the channel is secure. According to the authors of the article (7), in order for a security protocol be acceptable, it must meet some requirements. The first one is the mutual entity authentication which is able to provide security by identifying the sender and the receiver. Also, the Asymmetric algorithms are very critical according to my opinion, regarding the key distribution that will allow the sender and the receiver authenticate each other messages. Next in order to prevent unauthorised people to access the communication channel, the two parties must agree to the keys used and to be able to confirm them when needed along with being able to control them, maintain the key freshness (7) so no replay attacks could be performed and also to protect secrets of old communications in the case that an unauthorised person gains access to a session key. All the above aspects, in my opinion are critical in order to maintain privacy in the communication channel. According to the article (7) which I agree with, some compromises should be taken in order to have the security options tailored to the needs of your systems. In our case the ACARS system was designed to have a small amount of load in transmitting data and therefore and IPsec with fixed pre-shared keys (7) would be very helpful because it has limited data exchanged in order to provide security. On the other hand, protocols based on asymmetric cryptosystems (7) are able to provide better security but in a higher data load cost. Wireless Communication Threat Model In order to be able to provide better solutions in the wireless communication channel, we must be able to identify the threat that are possible to be faced during the transfer of data. In order to do so we must have a threat model that is tailored to our needs. In order to create a threat model, we must also know the adversaries capabilities. In the case of wireless networks according to the article (8) authors, which are the one that ACARS uses, the adversary usually has the ability to receive and transmit data (8), should be able to monitor the network and in order to do the previous two, he must have knowledge on how the network was setup. Commonly, if the attacker is able to eavesdrop a wireless, he will be able to inject traffic (8) into the network. All of the above capabilities in my opinion are depended to the knowledge he has and to the money he is willing to spend in order to be able to perform such tasks. The main attacks he can perform to a wireless network has to do with spoofing attacks (8), replay attacks (8) which I believe is easily solved by the freshness aspect of security, eavesdropping (8) compromise or introduction of nodes, wireless jamming (8) and finally a denial of service (8) attack by increasing extremely the load of the network. ACARS Security per Honeywell Per Honeywell, ACARS is using a message security system that is able to provide message authentication, confidentiality and data integrity, which are the basic aspects that need to be protected. Based on an ICAO document regarding the security plan a public key infrastructure and other cryptographic algorithms are used in order to protect the data transmitted. More specifically, according to the ARINC specification 823 (4) the security of the messages is split in two different parts. The first part was published on 2007 and contains everything regarding the framework of the security, such as algorithms, protocols and message formats. The second parts are about the key management of this security mechanism and was published 1 year later and contains information regarding the key life cycle and the how a certificate is managed. Furthermore, two different security provisions were developed and each of them had different characteristics regarding the mechanisms used in order to protect the data transmitted. The first one is called ATN/OSI Security and it was described in the ICAO document 9880. This kind of security foresight used digital signatures which uses the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman cryptographic algorithm combined with a SHA256 in order to generate and verify the signatures. As for Message authentication, it uses hashed MAC with a 32bit MAC length. A key agreement is used in order to share the public key that will then be used in order for the recipient to be able to derive the secret key and be able to decode the message sent. The second one is called ACARS Security ARINC 823. This one also uses the digital signatures in order to sign the message and the specifications of the digitals signatures are similar to the first security foresight, making use of the elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman algorithm combined with a SHA256 for the signature generation and verification. Again, for the message authentication a hashed MAC is being used but in this case the length of the MAC is not standard. It could be 32 bit, 64 bit or even 128 bit, with the default one to be the 32 bit. The main difference between the two security foresights is that the previous didnt require a confidentiality mechanism to be in place. On the other hand, this one uses for encryption and AES128 cipher algorithm that is mainly used to encrypt and decrypt the messages. Finally, the key establishment mechanism is similar on both security foresights, meaning that both of them use an elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman with SHA256 algorithm to provide the communication channel with a secret key agreement, shared public key and the derivation of the secret key. Threats As the technology is improved, the computers become more powerful, leading in the implementation of better security mechanisms but also in increasing amount of computing power that possible attackers have in their hands. This along with the ability given to the public to be able to track the flights using the ADS-B can have possible backdoors that can threaten the safety of the flights. The main use of this surveillance technology is for the improvement of the safety and efficiency of the flights. This technology also lead to the creation of a web application and smartphone application, that gave the ability to anyone to be able to track any aircraft in the world that had this technology active. Anyone with a cheap hardware setup could receive the information sent to the ground by the aircrafts. If an attacker is able to intercept these signals, he is able to perform passive attacks like eavesdropping the communications or furthermore, block the response from the ATC (jamming) and finally send his response back (message injection), could result in the attacker to be able to perform an active attack and penetrate the aircrafts navigation system. Another possible attack according the article (6) this attacks could result in the virtually modifying the trajectory of an aircraft (6). After the attacker, has gained access to the aircraft systems, he can receive information via the ACARS system. If the ACARS system is not protected correctly, the attacker will be able to exploit the systems and either insert false information to the avionics or just attach a virus or malware and have a constant access to the aircrafts avionics and information. Furthermore, the attacker could gain access to the FMS he will be able to mess with the navigation and flight planning such as waypoints, altitudes, speeds, alternate the destination airport of the flight etc. This will result to the attacker being in complete control of the aircraft, with the pilots not being able to do much in order to gain back the control of the aircraft. Although the ACARS system was updated regularly and the ACARS AMS was developed in order to provide end to end security, many airlines decided to not use it and instead provide some security by obscurity (6), which according to my opinion could lead in more risks and better security because no one has tested the security algorithms that are used and therefore if there is any vulnerability in the security algorithm, the company will never be aware of it, leaving the communication channel open to zero day attacks. The cost of the hardware needed to complete such an attack is not high. Using online shopping web applications or other sellers, the possible attacker will be able to buy the necessary hardware such as FMS hardware, air to ground transmitters, ACARS manager hardware and other hardware, in order to perform such an attack. By using one of the most known flight simulator software, combined with the necessary hardware and finally by exploiting any vulnerabilities in the security of ACARS and FMS systems, they can manage to gain control of the aircraft with low cost. There are many ways the attacker could gain access or perform attacks against the aircrafts. These ways may include attacks via the internet by exploiting bugs in web applications, vulnerabilities against software, SQL injections to databases or other vulnerabilities that are not fixed in mobile applications. There are two different threat models according to the authors of the article On perception and reality in the wireless air traffic communication security (6). The two different threat models are the traditional aviation threat model (6) and the Modern threat model (6). The main difference between these two according the article are that the software-defined radios are widely available to the public and along with them to possible attackers and the change between analogue instruments and digital instruments, with the second ones to give the ability to the users to transmit more data in electronic form. These could lead to an increase in the abilities hackers to eavesdrop, modify and inject data on the communications channel. The traditional threat model is used from when the first forms of communication were implemented in aviation. As years passed the communication channels were improved and the amount of data that was transmitted increased rapidly. The authors of the article characterize the article as naÃÆ'Â ¯ve (6) of the reasons of inferior technological capabilities and financial capabilities, requirement of inside knowledge and the use of analog communication. (6). I can agree with their opinion because I believe that indeed the threat model is very old and due to the new technologies, along with the low cost of a setup that could allow to interfere with the communications of an aircraft, the risk will be much higher. The second threat model is the modern threat model. It has major changes from the first one due to the increased digitalisation and automation (6) of the aircrafts communication channels. Also, the increased technological capabilities (6) such as cheap hardware could lead to possible attacks that could not be performed when the first threat model was developed. Finally, people could easily gain aviation knowledge (6) from the internet, flight simulator software, which could increase the seriousness of the attacks that could be performed. For the above reasons and from my own experience with aviation knowledge and flight simulator software, I would agree that this model is more up to date and more tailored to identify the threats that todays aircraft face. Concluding on the above-mentioned information, the aviation world and more specifically the security of the aircrafts, crews and passengers are far from safe. This is because even with the security measures that are already researched, the airlines do not always implement them. Also, the technology required and the cost of acquiring such technology makes it easier for attackers to perform either passive or active attacks against aircrafts. The above when combined with the knowledge of an attacker can lead to great threats against the aircrafts. In order to maintain the aviation world safe, the need to reassess the risk of attacks under realistic system models and the development of appropriate countermeasures (6) should be identified and embraced along with new end to end security implementations are proposed and if approved implemented by airlines. Such security mechanisms must be tested in order to be totally sure that all vulnerabilities are patched and that it will never have a backdoor that could allow an attacker to perform an attack. In my opinion in order to be able to be sure that a security mechanisms that will be placed is totally secure, we must first learn our adversaries, understand their capabilities, intentions, motive and upon all knowledge and financial state. Next, we must understand what passive and active attacks an adversary can perform. If we manage to understand the above aspects of our adversaries, then we must understand what has to be done in order to prevent them from launching an attack against the aircraft- ground communications channel and ground network. By having the necessary information about the adversaries and the protection mechanisms that we can implement, then we must evaluate those already implemented and find ways to enhance them. References Smith, M., M. Strohmeier, V. Lenders, and I. Martinovic. On the security and privacy of ACARS. (016 Integrated Communications Navigation and Surveillance (ICNS)): 1-27. Web. 15 Feb. 2017. Aircraft Communications, Addressing and Reporting System. Aircraft Communications, Addressing and Reporting System SKYbrary Aviation Safety. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2017. Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS). Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS). N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2017. Olive, Michael . ACARS Message Security (AMS) as a Vehicle for Validation of ICAO Doc. 9880 Part IV-B Security Requirements. Proc. of ICAO ACP WG-M Meeting, Belgium, Brussels. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 1-12. Print. Yue, M., and X. Wu. The Approach of ACARS Data Encryption and Authentication. 2010 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (2010): 556-60. Web. 10 Feb. 2017. Strohmeier, Martin, Matthias Schafer, Rui Pinheiro, Vincent Lenders, and Ivan Martinovic. On Perception and Reality in Wireless Air Traffic Communication Security. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems (2016): 1-20. Web. Akram, Raja Naeem, Konstantinos Markantonakis, Keith Mayes, Pierre-Francois Bonnefoi, Damien Sauveron, and Serge Chaumette. Security and performance comparison of different secure channel protocols for Avionics Wireless Networks. 2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) (2016): n. pag. Web. Akram, Raja Naeem, Konstantinos Markantonakis, Royal Holloway, Sharadha Kariyawasam, Shahid Ayub, Amar Seeam, and Robert Atkinson. Challenges of security and trust in Avionics Wireless Networks. 2015 IEEE/AIAA 34th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) (2015): n. pag. Web. Network Graphic. Digital image. ATC Data Link News. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2017.

A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English

A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English I. Introduction Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest known activities in descriptive linguistics have been attributed to Panini around 500 BCE, with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi. The first subfield of linguistics is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of ruled followed by the users of a language.It includes the study of morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology (sound system). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived. This paper is going to concentrate on part of morphology word formation, of the English language. Generally, in linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word.Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word’s meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define: a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form. Word formation can also be contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions, although words can be formed from multi-word phrases. There are various mechanisms of word formation and this paper is going to present them in detail with necessary explanations and examples. II. Methods of Word Formations 1. Agglutination.In contemporary linguistics, agglutination usually refers to the kind of morphological derivation in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between affixes and syntactical categories. Language that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages. Agglutinati ve languages are often contrasted both with language in which syntactic structure is expressed solely by means of word order and auxiliary words (isolating language) and with languages in which a single affix typically express several syntactic categories and a single category may be expressed by several different affixes (as is the case in the inflectional or fusional anguage). However, both fusional and isolating language may use agglutinative in the most-often-used constructs, and use agglutination heavily in certain contexts, such as word derivation. This is the case in English, which has an agglutinated plural maker – (e)s and derived words such as shame ·less ·ness. 2. Back-formation In etymology, back-formation is the process of creating a new lexeme, usually by removing actual or supposed affixes. The resulting neologism is called a back-formation, a term coined by James Murray in 1889.Back-formation is different from clipping – back-formation may change th e part of speech or the word’s meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words, but does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word. For example, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was the back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latinate words in the form of verb and verb + -ion pairs, such as opine/opinion.These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where a verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion entered the language together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection, etc. Back-formation may be similar to the reanalyzes of folk etymologies when it rests on an erroneous understanding of the morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular noun asset is a back-formation from the plural assets. However, assets is originally not a plural: i t is a loan-word from Anglo-Norman asetz (modern French assez).The –s was reanalyzed as a plural suffix. Many words came into English by this route: Pease was once a mass noun but was reinterpreted as a plural, leading to the back-formation pea. The noun statistic was likewise a back-formation from the field of study statistics. In Britain, the verb burgle came into use in the 19th century as a back-formation from burglar (which can be compared to the North American verb burglarize formed by suffixation). Even though many English words are formed this way, new coinages may sound strange, and are often used for humorous effect.For example, gruntled (from disgruntled) would be considered a barbarism, and used only in humorous contexts, such as by P. G. Wodehouse, who wrote â€Å"I wouldn’t say he was disgruntled, but by no stretch of the imagination could be described as gruntled†. He comedian George Gobel regularly used original back-formations in his humorous mo nologues. Bill Bryson mused that the English language would be richer if we could call a tidy-haired person shevelled – as an opposite to dishevelled. In the American sitcom Scrubs, the character Turk once said when replying to Dr. Cox, â€Å"I don’t disdain you!It’s quite the opposite – I dain you. † Back-formations frequently begin in colloquial use and only gradually become accepted. For example, enthuse (from enthusiasm) is gaining popularity, though it is still considered substandard by some today. The immense celebrations in Britain at the news of the relief of the Siege of Marketing briefly created the verb to maffick, meaning to celebrate both extravagantly and publicly. â€Å"Maffick† is a back-formation from Mafeking, a place-name that was treated humorously as a gerund or participle. There are many other examples of back-formation in the English language. . Acronym An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial components i n a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan). There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of various names for such abbreviations nor on written usage. In English and most other languages, such abbreviations historically had limited use, but they became much more common in the 20th century. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending.There are many different types of the word-formation process acronym. Here are several pairs of them. (1) Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters, like the followings. AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (2) Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters Amphetamine: alpha-mehyl-phenethylamine Interpol: International Criminal Police Org anization Nabisco: National Biscuit Company 3)Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters Necco: New England Confectionery Company Radar: radio detection and ranging 4. Clipping In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. Clipping is also known as â€Å"truncation† or â€Å"shortening†. According to Marchand, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language. They originate as terms off a special group like schools, army, police, the medical profession, etc. in the intimacy of a milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. For example, exam(ination), math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school lang. while clipping terms of some influential groups can pass into common usage, becoming part of Standard English, clipping of a society unimportant class or group will remain group slang. Also, clipping mainly consi sts of the following types: back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping and complex clipping. (1) Back clipping Back clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained.The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples are: ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym(gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt(muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music). (2) Fore-clipping Fore-clipping retains the final part. Examples are: chute (parachute), coon (raccoon), gator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university). (3) Middle-clipping In middle clipping, the middle of the word is retained.Examples are: flu (influenza), jams or jammies (pajamas/pyjamas), polly (Apollinairs), shrink (head-shrinker), tec (detective). (4) Complex clipping Clipped dorms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are : cablegram (cable telegram), opart (optical art), org-man (organization man), and linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certification). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always clear.According to Bauer, the easiest way to draw the distinction is to say that those forms which retain compound stress are clipped compound, whereas those that take simple word stress are not. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro-am, photo op, sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings. 5. Semantic loan A semantic loan is a process of borrowing semantic meaning (rather than lexical items) from another language, very similar to the formation of calques.In this case, however, the complete word in the borrowing language already exists; the change is that its meaning is extended to i nclude another meaning its existing translation has in the leading language. Calques, loanwords and semantic loans are often grouped roughly under the phrase â€Å"borrowing†. Semantic loans often occur when two language are in close contact. 6. Compound In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme that consists of more than one stem, compounding or composition is the word formation that creates compound lexemes.Compounding or word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of a language to form new words by combing or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate from the meanings of the words in isolation. Also, there is incorporation formation. Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a word, usually a verb, forms a kind of compound with, for instance, its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original sy ntactic function.Incorporation is central to many polysynthetic languages such as those found in North America, but polysynthetic does not necessary imply incorporation. Neither does the presence of incorporation in a language imply that that language is polysynthetic. Though not regularly. English shows some instrument incorporation, as in breastfeed, and direct object incorporation, as in babysit. Etymologically, such verbs in English are usually back-formations: the verbs breastfeed and babysit are formed from the adjective breast-fed and the noun babysitter respectively.Incorporation and pain compounding many be fuzzy categories: consider backstabbing, name-calling, and axe-murder. In many cases, a phrase with an incorporated noun carries a different meaning with respect to the equivalent phrase where the noun is not incorporated into the verb. The difference seems to hang around the generality and definiteness of the statement. The incorporated phrase is usually generic and ind efinite, while the non-incorporated one is more specific. 7. ConversionIn linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word transformation: specifically, it is the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form. For example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green. Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English: much more remarked upon is the creation of a verb by converting a noun or other word (e. g. , the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean). 8. LoanwordA loanword (or loan word) is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept where the meaning or idiom is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort, while calque i s a loanword from French. The terms borrow and loanword, although traditional, conflict with the ordinary meaning of those words because nothing is returned to the donor languages. However, note that this metaphor is not isolated to the concept of loanwords, but also found in the idiom â€Å"to borrow an idea. An additional issue with the term loanword is that it implies that the loaning is limited to one single word as opposed to deja vu, an English loanword from French. While this phrase may be used as one lexical item by English speakers, that is to say, an English speaker would not say only deja to convey the meaning associated with the full term deja vu, in the donor language (French), speakers would be aware of the phrase consisting of two words. For simplicity, adopt/adoption or adapt/adaption are used by many linguists, either in parallel to, or in preference to, these words.Some researchers also use the term lexical borrowing. Some English loanwords remain relatively faith ful to the donor language’s phonology, even though a particular phoneme might not exist or have contrastive status in English. The majority of English affixes, such as -un, –ing, and –ly, were present in older forms in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the agentive suffix –er, which is very prolific, is borrowed unlimitedly from Latin- arius. The English verbal suffix –ize comes from Greek –izein via Latin –izare. 9.Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia (common term is sound word) refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of onomatopoeia include animal noises, such as â€Å"oink† or â€Å"meow† or â€Å"roar† or â€Å"chirp†. Some other very common English-language examples include hiccup, zoom, bang, beep, moo, and splash. Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia, as in honk or beep-beep for the horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine. When someone speaks of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity, the word â€Å"zap† is often used.For animal sounds, words like quack (duck), moo (cow), bark or woof (dog), roar (lion), meow or purr (cat) and baa (sheep) are typically used in English. Some of these words are used both as nouns and as verbs. Sometimes things are named from the sounds they make. In English, for example, there is the universal fastener which is named for the onomatopoeia of the sound it makes: the zip (in the UK) or zipper (in the U. S. ). many birds are named after their calls, such as the Bobwhite quail, the Weero, the Morepork, the killdeer, chickadee, the cuckoo, the chiffchaff, the whooping crane and the whip-poor-will. 0. Phono-semantic matching Phono-semantic matching (PSM) is a linguistic term referring to camouflaged borrowing in which a foreign word is matched with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent native word/root. It may alternatively be de fined as the entry of a multisourced neologism that preserves both the meaning and the proximate sound of the parallel expression in the source language, using pre-existent words/roots of the target language. Phono-semantic matching is distinct from calquing. While calquing includes (semantic) translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i. . retaining the proximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word/morpheme in the target language). Phone-semantic matching is also distinct from homophonic translation, which retains only the sound, and not the semantics. 11. Eponym An eponym is a person or thing, whether real or fictional, after which a particular place, tribe, era, discovery. Or other item is named or thought to be named. Eponyms are aspects of etymology. There are different types of eponym which come from various area.Places and towns can also be given an eponymous name through a relationship (real or imagined) to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek god Pelops. In historical times, new towns have often been named (and older communities renamed) after their founders, discoverers, or after notable individuals. Examples include Vancouver, British Columbia, named after the explorer George Vancouver; and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, originally called Isbister’s Settlement but renamed after Queen Victoria’s husband and consort in 1866.Also, in science and technology, discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer (or supposed discoverer) to honor some other influential workers. Examples are Avogadro’s number, he Diesel engine, Alzheimer’s disease, and the Apgar score. Because proper nouns are capitalized in English, the usual default for eponyms is to capitalize the eponymous part of a term. The common-noun part is not capitalized (unless it is part of a title or it is the first word in a sentence). F or example, in Parkinson disease (named after James Parkinson), Parkinson is capitalized, but disease is not.However, some eponymous adjectives are nowadays entered in many dictionaries as lowercases when they have evolved a common status, no longer deriving their meaning from the proper-noun origin. For example, Herculean when referring to Hercules himself, but often herculean when referring to the figurative generalized extension sense. For any given term, one dictionary may enter only lowercase or only cap, whereas other dictionaries may recognize the capitalized version as a variant, either equally common as, or less common than, the first-listed styling (marked with labels such as â€Å"or†, â€Å"also†, â€Å"often† or â€Å"sometimes†).English can use either genitive case or attributive position to indicate the adjectival nature of the eponymous part of the term. (In other words, that part may be either possessive or nonpossessive. ) Thus Parkinson ’s disease and Parkinson disease are both acceptable. Medical dictionaries have been shifting toward nonpossessive styling in recent decades, thus Parkinson disease is more likely to be used in the latest medical literature (especially in post prints) than is Parkinson’s disease. American and British English spelling differences can occasionally apply to eponyms.For example, American style would typically be cesarean section whereas British style would typically be caesarean section. III. Conclusion In a word, there are several ways of word-formation in the English language. However, not all these ways are isolated from each other. In fact, some of them all overlapped which means that a new word may be considered as a result of different ways of formation. Also, understanding these various methods of forming a new word, as an integrated component of linguistics, enables us to dig out the hidden rules behind thousands of new emerging words.Therefore, although many new w ords would appear as the world move on and new technologies are developed, people are able to grasp these new words with ease because of these word-formation rules. Meanwhile, people are exposed to different accesses of forming new words with already existing ones to express the unexpected phenomenon or tectonics in the future. Works cited: (1) Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Sixth Edition, Blackwell Publishers, 2008. (2) Fischer, Roswitha.Lexical change in present-day English: A corpus-based study of the motivation, institutionalization, and productivity of creative neologisms. 1998 (3) Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-formation. Munchen: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung,1969 (4) Ghil'ad Zuckermann,  Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 (5) Baker, Mark C. The Polysynthesis Parameter. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1998 (6) Mithun, Marianne. The evolution of noun incor poration. Language,  1984 A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English I. Introduction Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest known activities in descriptive linguistics have been attributed to Panini around 500 BCE, with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi. The first subfield of linguistics is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of ruled followed by the users of a language.It includes the study of morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology (sound system). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived. This paper is going to concentrate on part of morphology word formation, of the English language. Generally, in linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word.Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word’s meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define: a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form. Word formation can also be contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions, although words can be formed from multi-word phrases. There are various mechanisms of word formation and this paper is going to present them in detail with necessary explanations and examples. II. Methods of Word Formations 1. Agglutination.In contemporary linguistics, agglutination usually refers to the kind of morphological derivation in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between affixes and syntactical categories. Language that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages. Agglutinati ve languages are often contrasted both with language in which syntactic structure is expressed solely by means of word order and auxiliary words (isolating language) and with languages in which a single affix typically express several syntactic categories and a single category may be expressed by several different affixes (as is the case in the inflectional or fusional anguage). However, both fusional and isolating language may use agglutinative in the most-often-used constructs, and use agglutination heavily in certain contexts, such as word derivation. This is the case in English, which has an agglutinated plural maker – (e)s and derived words such as shame ·less ·ness. 2. Back-formation In etymology, back-formation is the process of creating a new lexeme, usually by removing actual or supposed affixes. The resulting neologism is called a back-formation, a term coined by James Murray in 1889.Back-formation is different from clipping – back-formation may change th e part of speech or the word’s meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words, but does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word. For example, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was the back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latinate words in the form of verb and verb + -ion pairs, such as opine/opinion.These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where a verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion entered the language together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection, etc. Back-formation may be similar to the reanalyzes of folk etymologies when it rests on an erroneous understanding of the morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular noun asset is a back-formation from the plural assets. However, assets is originally not a plural: i t is a loan-word from Anglo-Norman asetz (modern French assez).The –s was reanalyzed as a plural suffix. Many words came into English by this route: Pease was once a mass noun but was reinterpreted as a plural, leading to the back-formation pea. The noun statistic was likewise a back-formation from the field of study statistics. In Britain, the verb burgle came into use in the 19th century as a back-formation from burglar (which can be compared to the North American verb burglarize formed by suffixation). Even though many English words are formed this way, new coinages may sound strange, and are often used for humorous effect.For example, gruntled (from disgruntled) would be considered a barbarism, and used only in humorous contexts, such as by P. G. Wodehouse, who wrote â€Å"I wouldn’t say he was disgruntled, but by no stretch of the imagination could be described as gruntled†. He comedian George Gobel regularly used original back-formations in his humorous mo nologues. Bill Bryson mused that the English language would be richer if we could call a tidy-haired person shevelled – as an opposite to dishevelled. In the American sitcom Scrubs, the character Turk once said when replying to Dr. Cox, â€Å"I don’t disdain you!It’s quite the opposite – I dain you. † Back-formations frequently begin in colloquial use and only gradually become accepted. For example, enthuse (from enthusiasm) is gaining popularity, though it is still considered substandard by some today. The immense celebrations in Britain at the news of the relief of the Siege of Marketing briefly created the verb to maffick, meaning to celebrate both extravagantly and publicly. â€Å"Maffick† is a back-formation from Mafeking, a place-name that was treated humorously as a gerund or participle. There are many other examples of back-formation in the English language. . Acronym An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial components i n a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan). There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of various names for such abbreviations nor on written usage. In English and most other languages, such abbreviations historically had limited use, but they became much more common in the 20th century. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending.There are many different types of the word-formation process acronym. Here are several pairs of them. (1) Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters, like the followings. AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (2) Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters Amphetamine: alpha-mehyl-phenethylamine Interpol: International Criminal Police Org anization Nabisco: National Biscuit Company 3)Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters Necco: New England Confectionery Company Radar: radio detection and ranging 4. Clipping In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. Clipping is also known as â€Å"truncation† or â€Å"shortening†. According to Marchand, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language. They originate as terms off a special group like schools, army, police, the medical profession, etc. in the intimacy of a milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. For example, exam(ination), math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school lang. while clipping terms of some influential groups can pass into common usage, becoming part of Standard English, clipping of a society unimportant class or group will remain group slang. Also, clipping mainly consi sts of the following types: back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping and complex clipping. (1) Back clipping Back clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained.The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples are: ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym(gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt(muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music). (2) Fore-clipping Fore-clipping retains the final part. Examples are: chute (parachute), coon (raccoon), gator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university). (3) Middle-clipping In middle clipping, the middle of the word is retained.Examples are: flu (influenza), jams or jammies (pajamas/pyjamas), polly (Apollinairs), shrink (head-shrinker), tec (detective). (4) Complex clipping Clipped dorms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are : cablegram (cable telegram), opart (optical art), org-man (organization man), and linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certification). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always clear.According to Bauer, the easiest way to draw the distinction is to say that those forms which retain compound stress are clipped compound, whereas those that take simple word stress are not. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro-am, photo op, sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings. 5. Semantic loan A semantic loan is a process of borrowing semantic meaning (rather than lexical items) from another language, very similar to the formation of calques.In this case, however, the complete word in the borrowing language already exists; the change is that its meaning is extended to i nclude another meaning its existing translation has in the leading language. Calques, loanwords and semantic loans are often grouped roughly under the phrase â€Å"borrowing†. Semantic loans often occur when two language are in close contact. 6. Compound In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme that consists of more than one stem, compounding or composition is the word formation that creates compound lexemes.Compounding or word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of a language to form new words by combing or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate from the meanings of the words in isolation. Also, there is incorporation formation. Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a word, usually a verb, forms a kind of compound with, for instance, its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original sy ntactic function.Incorporation is central to many polysynthetic languages such as those found in North America, but polysynthetic does not necessary imply incorporation. Neither does the presence of incorporation in a language imply that that language is polysynthetic. Though not regularly. English shows some instrument incorporation, as in breastfeed, and direct object incorporation, as in babysit. Etymologically, such verbs in English are usually back-formations: the verbs breastfeed and babysit are formed from the adjective breast-fed and the noun babysitter respectively.Incorporation and pain compounding many be fuzzy categories: consider backstabbing, name-calling, and axe-murder. In many cases, a phrase with an incorporated noun carries a different meaning with respect to the equivalent phrase where the noun is not incorporated into the verb. The difference seems to hang around the generality and definiteness of the statement. The incorporated phrase is usually generic and ind efinite, while the non-incorporated one is more specific. 7. ConversionIn linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word transformation: specifically, it is the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form. For example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green. Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English: much more remarked upon is the creation of a verb by converting a noun or other word (e. g. , the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean). 8. LoanwordA loanword (or loan word) is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept where the meaning or idiom is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort, while calque i s a loanword from French. The terms borrow and loanword, although traditional, conflict with the ordinary meaning of those words because nothing is returned to the donor languages. However, note that this metaphor is not isolated to the concept of loanwords, but also found in the idiom â€Å"to borrow an idea. An additional issue with the term loanword is that it implies that the loaning is limited to one single word as opposed to deja vu, an English loanword from French. While this phrase may be used as one lexical item by English speakers, that is to say, an English speaker would not say only deja to convey the meaning associated with the full term deja vu, in the donor language (French), speakers would be aware of the phrase consisting of two words. For simplicity, adopt/adoption or adapt/adaption are used by many linguists, either in parallel to, or in preference to, these words.Some researchers also use the term lexical borrowing. Some English loanwords remain relatively faith ful to the donor language’s phonology, even though a particular phoneme might not exist or have contrastive status in English. The majority of English affixes, such as -un, –ing, and –ly, were present in older forms in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the agentive suffix –er, which is very prolific, is borrowed unlimitedly from Latin- arius. The English verbal suffix –ize comes from Greek –izein via Latin –izare. 9.Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia (common term is sound word) refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of onomatopoeia include animal noises, such as â€Å"oink† or â€Å"meow† or â€Å"roar† or â€Å"chirp†. Some other very common English-language examples include hiccup, zoom, bang, beep, moo, and splash. Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia, as in honk or beep-beep for the horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine. When someone speaks of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity, the word â€Å"zap† is often used.For animal sounds, words like quack (duck), moo (cow), bark or woof (dog), roar (lion), meow or purr (cat) and baa (sheep) are typically used in English. Some of these words are used both as nouns and as verbs. Sometimes things are named from the sounds they make. In English, for example, there is the universal fastener which is named for the onomatopoeia of the sound it makes: the zip (in the UK) or zipper (in the U. S. ). many birds are named after their calls, such as the Bobwhite quail, the Weero, the Morepork, the killdeer, chickadee, the cuckoo, the chiffchaff, the whooping crane and the whip-poor-will. 0. Phono-semantic matching Phono-semantic matching (PSM) is a linguistic term referring to camouflaged borrowing in which a foreign word is matched with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent native word/root. It may alternatively be de fined as the entry of a multisourced neologism that preserves both the meaning and the proximate sound of the parallel expression in the source language, using pre-existent words/roots of the target language. Phono-semantic matching is distinct from calquing. While calquing includes (semantic) translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i. . retaining the proximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word/morpheme in the target language). Phone-semantic matching is also distinct from homophonic translation, which retains only the sound, and not the semantics. 11. Eponym An eponym is a person or thing, whether real or fictional, after which a particular place, tribe, era, discovery. Or other item is named or thought to be named. Eponyms are aspects of etymology. There are different types of eponym which come from various area.Places and towns can also be given an eponymous name through a relationship (real or imagined) to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek god Pelops. In historical times, new towns have often been named (and older communities renamed) after their founders, discoverers, or after notable individuals. Examples include Vancouver, British Columbia, named after the explorer George Vancouver; and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, originally called Isbister’s Settlement but renamed after Queen Victoria’s husband and consort in 1866.Also, in science and technology, discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer (or supposed discoverer) to honor some other influential workers. Examples are Avogadro’s number, he Diesel engine, Alzheimer’s disease, and the Apgar score. Because proper nouns are capitalized in English, the usual default for eponyms is to capitalize the eponymous part of a term. The common-noun part is not capitalized (unless it is part of a title or it is the first word in a sentence). F or example, in Parkinson disease (named after James Parkinson), Parkinson is capitalized, but disease is not.However, some eponymous adjectives are nowadays entered in many dictionaries as lowercases when they have evolved a common status, no longer deriving their meaning from the proper-noun origin. For example, Herculean when referring to Hercules himself, but often herculean when referring to the figurative generalized extension sense. For any given term, one dictionary may enter only lowercase or only cap, whereas other dictionaries may recognize the capitalized version as a variant, either equally common as, or less common than, the first-listed styling (marked with labels such as â€Å"or†, â€Å"also†, â€Å"often† or â€Å"sometimes†).English can use either genitive case or attributive position to indicate the adjectival nature of the eponymous part of the term. (In other words, that part may be either possessive or nonpossessive. ) Thus Parkinson ’s disease and Parkinson disease are both acceptable. Medical dictionaries have been shifting toward nonpossessive styling in recent decades, thus Parkinson disease is more likely to be used in the latest medical literature (especially in post prints) than is Parkinson’s disease. American and British English spelling differences can occasionally apply to eponyms.For example, American style would typically be cesarean section whereas British style would typically be caesarean section. III. Conclusion In a word, there are several ways of word-formation in the English language. However, not all these ways are isolated from each other. In fact, some of them all overlapped which means that a new word may be considered as a result of different ways of formation. Also, understanding these various methods of forming a new word, as an integrated component of linguistics, enables us to dig out the hidden rules behind thousands of new emerging words.Therefore, although many new w ords would appear as the world move on and new technologies are developed, people are able to grasp these new words with ease because of these word-formation rules. Meanwhile, people are exposed to different accesses of forming new words with already existing ones to express the unexpected phenomenon or tectonics in the future. Works cited: (1) Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Sixth Edition, Blackwell Publishers, 2008. (2) Fischer, Roswitha.Lexical change in present-day English: A corpus-based study of the motivation, institutionalization, and productivity of creative neologisms. 1998 (3) Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-formation. Munchen: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung,1969 (4) Ghil'ad Zuckermann,  Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 (5) Baker, Mark C. The Polysynthesis Parameter. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1998 (6) Mithun, Marianne. The evolution of noun incor poration. Language,  1984